L293D 4-CHANNEL DC MOTOR DRIVER 

The L293D 4-Channel DC Motor Driver is a widely used motor control module designed to drive multiple motors using low-power control signals from microcontrollers. Based on the popular L293D dual H-bridge integrated circuit, this module allows easy control of motor direction and speed, making it ideal for robotics, automation, and embedded system projects.

The driver acts as an interface between the microcontroller and the motors by amplifying control signals and supplying the required current and voltage to the motors. Each H-bridge enables a motor to rotate in both forward and reverse directions, while speed control is achieved by applying PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) signals to the enable pins. Built-in flyback diodes protect the circuit from voltage spikes generated by inductive motor loads, improving reliability and safety.

The module supports up to four DC motors or two stepper motors, offering flexibility for various motion-control applications. It operates with a 5 V logic supply while allowing a separate motor power supply, making it compatible with a wide range of motor voltages. Commonly used with Arduino, Raspberry Pi (via logic-level interface), and other development boards, the L293D motor driver is a dependable and beginner-friendly solution for controlling motors in educational kits, DIY robotics, and embedded system development.